Abstract:
This narrative review aims to summarize the current knowledge toward HMOs and update the clinical experience and evidence of HMOs on infant health. Breast feeding and human milk are the standards for infant feeding and nutrition. HMOs are one of the major differences between human milk and formula milk. Currently available evidence demonstrates their various beneficial effects toward infants’ health. HMOs serve as decoy receptors that prevent the attachment of pathogens to epithelial cells to protect against infectious disease. HMOs modulate host intestinal epithelial and immune cell responses. Breast milk feeding remains the best option for infants nutrition and development. However, when breast milk is not adequate or available, infant formula supplemented with HMOs may be considered as an alternative.
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